by Christoph Dittrich | 19.4.2026
Symmetric membranes have a uniform structure and high mechanical stability but higher resistance. Asymmetric membranes consist of a thin selective layer and a porous support, enabling high flux and performance.
by Christoph Dittrich | 19.4.2026
RO is based on the solution-diffusion model. Water is pressed through the membrane under high pressure (20–120 bar), while dissolved substances are retained. Typical retention rates: up to 99 %
by Christoph Dittrich | 19.4.2026
Reverse osmosis membranes are used for near-complete desalination and purification of water in industrial and drinking water applications.
by Christoph Dittrich | 19.4.2026
Nanofiltration combines size exclusion and solution-diffusion mechanisms. Properties: – Pore size: 1 – 10 nm – Ion selectivity – Pressure: 3 – 30 bar
by Christoph Dittrich | 19.4.2026
Nanofiltration membranes are used for selective removal of dissolved substances and partial desalination, especially for water softening.
by Christoph Dittrich | 19.4.2026
Ultrafiltration relies on size exclusion. Larger molecules are retained, while smaller molecules pass. Parameters: – Pore size: 0.01 – 0.1 µm – Cut-off: 10–100 kDa – Pressure: 2 – 5 bar
by Christoph Dittrich | 19.4.2026
Ultrafiltration membranes are used to remove macromolecules, colloids, bacteria, and viruses in water treatment and industrial processes.
by Christoph Dittrich | 17.4.2026
Microfiltration is based on size exclusion. Technical parameters: – Pore size: 0.1 – 10 µm – Pressure: 0.1 – 3 bar
by Christoph Dittrich | 17.4.2026
Microfiltration membranes are used to remove suspended solids, bacteria, and turbidity. They are widely applied in beverage processing, water treatment, and as pre-filtration for finer membrane systems.
